Overview
Cognitive changes are common in people with MS — approximately half of all people with MS will develop problems with cognition. Cognition refers to a range of high-level brain functions, including the ability to learn and remember information; organize, plan and problem-solve; focus, maintain and shift attention as necessary; understand and use language; accurately perceive the environment; and perform calculations. In MS, certain functions are more likely to be affected than others:
- Memory (acquiring, retaining and retrieving new information)
- Attention and concentration (particularly divided attention)
- Information processing (dealing with information gathered by the five senses)
- Executive functions (planning and prioritizing)
- Visuospatial functions (visual perception and constructional abilities)
- Verbal fluency (word-finding)
Treating cognitive problems
Early recognition, assessment and treatment are important because cognitive changes — along with fatigue — can significantly affect a person’s quality of life and are the primary cause of early departure from the workforce. The first signs of cognitive dysfunction may be subtle — noticed first by the person with MS or by a family member or colleague.
People with MS and their families should talk to the physician if they are concerned about cognitive dysfunction. A careful evaluation is necessary to determine the cause(s) of mental changes since cognitive function can also be affected by aging or medications, as well as depression, anxiety, stress and fatigue.
- A specially trained health professional (neuropsychologist, speech/ language pathologist, or occupational therapist) administers a battery of tests to evaluate cognitive dysfunction.
- Based on the test findings — including the person's cognitive deficits and strengths. This information will be used to tailor therapy recommendations.